Periodic Cosmological Evolutions of Equation of State for Dark Energy

We demonstrate two periodic or quasi-periodic generalizations of the Chaplygin gas (CG) type models to explain the origins of dark energy as well as dark matter by using the Weierstrass ℘(t), σ(t) and ζ(t) functions with two periods being infinite. If the universe can evolve periodically, a non-singular universe can be realized. Furthermore, we examine the cosmological evolution and nature of the equation of state (EoS) of dark energy in the Friedmann–Lemaı̂tre–Robertson–Walker cosmology. It is explicitly illustrated that there exist three type models in which the universe always stays in the non-phantom (quintessence) phase, whereas it always evolves in the phantom phase, or the crossing of the phantom divide can be realized. The scalar fields and the corresponding potentials are also analyzed for different types of models.